The Effect of Body Composition and Physical Fitness Factors on Performance Prediction of Elite Male Trampolines

The main purpose of this study was the effect of body composition and physical fitness factors on performance prediction of elite male trampolines. So, 45 male athletes, who participated in the national trampoline team's preparation camps for participation at the 2014 Asian Games in four age categories included Children, Juniors, Adolescents and Seniors were selected using targeted sampling as subjects. Variables of study included 24 body composition indices and 20 physical fitness factors which were measured using standard procedures and instruments. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression models at the 0.05 significance level. Results of study showed that, the relationships of the shoulder belt muscle strength (r=0.294) with performance are statistically significant and in other cases, there was no significant relationships (p>0.05). Results of study showed the relationships of the shoulder belt muscle strength (r=0.294), aerobic power (r=0.351), relative minimum anaerobic power (r=0.256), with performance are statistically significant.and in other cases, observed relationships were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Findings of this study suggest that, in the high competitive level of trampoline body composition indices do not have predictive role in preparation programs of elite male trampolines, but physical factors have predictive role in preparation programs of elite male trampolines.


Introduction
Trampoline's competition has become one of the most important sports events in Asia and the Olympics, and has attracted the attention of champions in recent years.National teams of this field are regular and with long-term planning in the country and their national teams are represented in various international competitions.In the meantime, competitive success in this sport requires the development of physical and mental training programs for athletes, which, in turn, requires detailed information on the requirements of the field of trampoline and the importance of each.The factors involved in athletic performance should be studied scientifically and systematically.Unfortunately, despite the importance of the field of trampoline, very little attention has been paid by domestic and foreign researchers to this sport, and there is no accurate information about it.The results of extensive research in the field of championship sport show that the ideal sport performance in any sport is influenced by a combination of morphological, physiological, psychological and sociocultural factors (MacMillan 2007).Although it is worth exploring how to combine these factors into each and every field of sport separately and proprietary, however, due to the lack of research in the field of trampoline, and on the other hand, the close connection between the trampolines and gymnastics, scientific information reported in gymnastics.Studies conducted on gymnasts show that these athletes have special morphological, physiological and psychological needs.
For example, Douda et al. (2008) in their research on elite and amateur groups of gymnasts showed that the anthropometric components of 45% are involved in gymnastic performance.
In a recent study by Gomez-Landro et al. (2010), the species and body composition of the tropical women of the elite female elderly were studied.The results of this study showed that trampolines have different types of gymnasiums of different types, such that trampolines have less ectomorph in their physical form and are more endomorphic.This evidence can be a reason for different requirements of the discipline Trampolines and gymnastics.However, due to the lack of research in the field of trampoline, the current information on analyzing the needs of this field is in the speculations of experts, and definitive comments on it cannot be presented.Accordingly, the present research aims to determine and prioritize the needs of the trampoline field, which seeks to investigate the correlation of selected physical capabilities of elite male trampolines at different age ranges, including preterm infants, adolescents, young adults and adults, and to predict the performance of these athletes on the basis of physical fitness.Dzhafarov & Vasil'chuk (1987) examined the anthropometric characteristics of elite female gymnasts that gymnasts with a technical level of leveling (scores of about 10) had similar anthropometric profiles.Faria and Faria (1989) concluded that the association between anthropometric and physical characteristics of elite young men's gymnasts with competitive performance led to the conclusion that class 1 gymnasts were with a shorter stature, relative strength and absolute, higher muscle mass.Lindner, Caine & Johns (1991) in the study of physical and functional predictors by withdrawal competitive female gymnasts concluded that withdrawal gymnasts were older, taller and heavier, which were the reason for their higher strength, power, speed, and endurance.Discontinued gymnasts with less skinny physics/ectomorphic with less muscle had better recordings in most of the flexibility tests.
Claessens & Lefevre (1998) in examining the morphological and functional characteristics as the foreclosure predictors in female gymnasts in Belgium, it was concluded that anthropometric variables and physical fitness are not an important factor in quitting the championship competitions And only age is a decisive factor that may be related to social and psychological factors.Casenz et al. (1999) examined the role of anthropometric features in the performance of elite female gymnasts, and concluded that there was a moderate and inverse association between the score of gymnasts in the balance body and the thickness of the skin of the dorsal joint in China.There was a strong and inverse association between the overall performance of the gymnasts and the endomorphic component.These results suggest that gymnasts with lower subcutaneous fat and higher endomorphs have lower performance.Ackland et al. (2000) examined the effect of body size growth on the four-month period on rotational performance in gymnasiums.Short gymnasts with higher strengths have more potential to implement skills that involve the whole body.They have it.Taller gymnasts, while capable of generating more power and angular velocities, are not as good as short-range gymnasts.Grandjean, Taylor & Weiner (2002) in examining the relationship of assurance in implementing and focusing on competitive performance in gymnasiums at the 2000 Olympics found that reliance on gymnastics implementation did not directly correlate with performance, but the linkage with the mediation of gymnastic focus was on the run.Giorpopoulos et al. (2004) concluded that men and women gymnasts studied skeletal growth and artistic gymnastics in men's gymnasts compared to those with a taller height, lower lumbar bone age, higher body mass index, less body fat and age began to practice higher.Rodriguez and Bral Di La Rosa (2006) in their study described the anthropometric profiles of male elite male gymnasts and concluded that the structure of the elite Argentine gymnasts has a biomechanical advantage in comparison with outstanding gymnasts is not higher and may interfere with their competitive performance.
Di Cagno et al (2008) considered the anthropometric characteristics of young and adult elite gymnasiums in Italian rhythmic gymnastics between 2002 and 2006.The effect of the time period is only significant on the width of the two shoulders and the pelvis.There was no significant difference between the 2002 and 2006 gymnasts' characteristics.These results indicate that the growth pattern of male gymnasts is the same as ordinary participants, with the difference that male gymnasts are mostly selected from the beginning with unique features.
In a study aimed at identifying factors affecting motor performance in amateur gymnastics with an emphasis on gender differences, the results of this study showed that height, length of the lower limbs and body fat were positively and moderately correlated with the mean of 0.4 0 to 0.6 with jump height and flight time in gymnastic skill tests, which indicates the importance of these factors in the gymnastics motion performance.Gómez-Landero et al. (2010) studied the species and physical composition of the Spanish elite female gymnasts in the competition material of trampoline, it was concluded that trampolines have different physical types of artistic gymnasts, such that the trampolines of things has a lower electrophormity and an endomorphic.Zuniga et al. (2011) examined the annual changes in anthropometric characteristics of high school female gymnasts in comparison with national norms and concluded that participation in gymnastics did not have a negative effect on the physical growth pattern.Faria and Faria (2012) studied the relationship between the physical characteristics of young elite male gymnasts and their competitive performance.Based on the results, gymnasts of the first class had a shorter stature, more relative strength and absolute strength, more shoulder flexion, lower back and pelvic, higher muscle mass and lower percentage of fat.Lindner, Caine & Johns (2013) examined the physical and functional predictors of competitive withdrawal in female gymnasiums.The results of the study showed that dropout gymnasts are older, taller and weigh heavier, which were the reason for their higher strength, power, speed and endurance.Discontinued gymnasts with less skinny physics/ ectomorphic with less muscle, had better recordings in most of the flexibility tests.
The exclusive gymnastic flexibility test was the only factor able to distinguish gymnasiums involved in competitions from gymnasiums.According to their observations, the researchers concluded that they were the only factor of age and social and psychological factors that distinguished gymnasts from competitive gymnasiums.Hume et al (2014) studied the physical factors determining progress in rhythmic gymnastics.Based on the results, the best correlates of the progress of gymnasts were cumulative training time and training time (r = -0.530.84).Also, age and muscle mass and body composition, flexibility, lower limb strength, visual-motor performance had significant relationships with the level of progression (r = -0.29).Dashti (2015) studied the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and selected physical fitness factors with the performance of gymnasts of Iranian male boys.The results of this study showed that variables such as height, length of two hands, fat and body weight without fat, finger power and power have a significant relationship with the performance of primary gymnasts.However, there was no significant relationship between the width of shoulder, hip width, hip length, percentage of fat and pelvic flexibility.Douda et al. (2016) identified the physiological and anthropometric predictors of rhythmic gymnastics.The results showed anthropometric components of 45% of total variance, 12.8% flexibility, explosive power 9.2%, aerobic power of 7.4%, body dimensions of 6.8% and fueling 4.8%.Anthropometric features (r = 0.5) and aerobic power (r = 0.49) had a significant correlation with performance.The results of regression analysis showed that hip circumference and body mass index explained 13.1% and 8.5% of variance, respectively.Therefore, anthropometric, aerobic, flexural and explosive power characteristics were reported as important determinants of successful performance.
Nowzuhari (2016) showed that the role of anthropometric features in the performance of elite gymnasts is 24.2%.Despite the knowledge provided in the field of gymnastics, it seems that the requirements of the trampoline range are different in some sports-related factors than gymnastics.For example, trampolines may have a higher need for static and dynamic equilibrium than their gymnasts.Also, in a coordinated two-dimensional competition, athletes in this field will need more time to take photos and coordinate their movements.

Materials and Methods
The present research is considered as a practical one and in terms of the method it is a predictive correlation research.

Society, Sample and Sampling Method
The statistical population of the study was all male trampolines who were invited to the Islamic Republic of Iran gymnastics training camps in 2014 to participate in Asian Games 2014 and participated in competing selections within the campus.These include 48 athletes in six competitive age groups including L5, L6, L7, L8, which included 11, 12, 13, 14, 15-17 and 18 years old.
In a more general division, 48 athletes were invited to the national team camps in four age groups (11 and 12 years old), adolescents (13 and 14 years of age), youth (15-17 years) and adults (18 years) (In each age group 12 participants).Due to the limited number of participants in the statistical population, non-random sampling method was used.As a result, the research sample was equal to the statistical society.However, 3 participants in camps were unable to complete measurements due to injury, which dropped out of the sample and the number of samples dropped to 45.All participants, with full knowledge of the goals and implementation process, participated in this study with full satisfaction.

Measuring Tools and Equipment
In the present study, the following tools and equipment were used to measure the variables of the research: 1. Researcher-made questionnaire for collecting individual information of subjects 2. Digital scales with accuracy of 0.01 kg equipped with a precision 0.005 meter with SOEHNLE® marking Made in Germany to measure the height and weight of subjects

Personal Information
Participants' individual information was comprised of eight questionnaires for determining age, competitive age, sporting history, competitive history, membership in the national team, weekly physical and psychological hours, and collecting history records, respectively, using a researcher-made questionnaire.

Body Composition
In this study, the body composition analysis was used to analyze body composition using the Mark 9.5 + 9.9 model.Indicators used in this study included height, body mass, body mass index, intercostal water content, protein percentage, soluble mineral content, fat percentage and fat mass and muscle of the body.In calculating various indices were used.

Competitive Performance in the Implementation of Trampolines
In order to measure the level of performance of the participants, information about the selection of the camp that was carried out according to the laws of the Islamic gymnastics federation of the Islamic Republic was used.Based on this intra-camp competition, each participant will execute 20 trampoline motor skills and assess the quality of the performance by five national referees.
The range of scores provided by each referee is between 0 and 20, which is based on the qualitative analysis parameters of skill implementation for each participant.Accordingly, the score for each participant's score is between 0 and 400.In calculating the performance score, at first, the minimum and maximum grades are eliminated from the five points given for each skill and the average of the three remaining scores is calculated.
Participants were also asked to respond to the questions with integrity and precision, given that there was no right or wrong answer in the questionnaires.At the end of the coordination session, the recommendations were provided by the researcher to the participants about the amount of sleep, nutrition and rest.Then, after coordinating with the physical fitness laboratory of University, a body composition measure was performed.At the first session, body composition was measured.
During each session, participants were asked to run a standard heating protocol that was led by the coaches of the Trampoline national team for 10 minutes.Before each test, the correct implementation of the error and error criteria and the evaluation of the implementation were explained by the laboratory experts and, if any questions were answered, the items were answered.Participants were allowed to review their implementation practices before performing the main tests.To prevent fatigue, a rest time test was considered sufficiently.Each measurement session was terminated with a standard cooling protocol.Finally, information about the level of trampoline performance at the end of the training camp was received from the technical team members.

Data Analysis Method
To describe the data, mean, standard deviation, frequency, frequency, and table and graph drawing were used.In the data analysis, firstly, the natural assumption of the distribution of data was investigated using Shapiro Wilk's test.Considering the prediction of the natural distribution of the data, Pearson correlation coefficient was used.All analyzes were performed at 95% confidence level using Excel software and SPSS version 15.Table 1 shows that the relationship between the elite male trampolines according to height, body mass, body mass index, muscle percentage and percentage of left and right leg muscles were statistically significant Therefore, it is concluded that there is no significant relationship between body composition and male elite performance (in all cases, p <0.05).The results of table 3 show that the relationship between the performance of elite male trampolines with muscle strength, shoulder muscle strength, aerobic power, and minimum relative biopsy power is statistically significant, but the relationship between performance with abdominal muscle strength Muscular endurance, shoulder joint flexibilityupward, shoulder joint flexibility -backward, forward trunk flexibility, trunk flexural strength, explosive powervertical jump record, explosive power -jump record length, maximum relative tensile strength high tympanic muscle, relative mean muscle tone of upper muscle, trend of lower muscle tone, agility -zigzag test record.The observation image, dynamic balance, dynamic balance on the right foot, dynamic balance on the left leg and the dynamic balance difference between the right and left legs are not statistically significant.

Table 1. Pearson correlation coefficient for determining the relationships between body composition and competitive performance
Observed relationships indicate that high levels of performance in elite male trampolines are associated with high levels of shoulder muscle strength, aerobic power, and minimal relative healing power.It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between some of the factors of physical fitness (muscle strength of shoulder belt, aerobic power and minimum relative bias) and the performance of male elite trampolines.show that the level of competitive performance of elite male trampolines is significant in the strength of shoulder muscle strength, aerobic power, and minimal bleeding ability.

Discussion and Conclusion
The results of the research on physical fitness factors indicated that the aerobic power, shoulder muscle strength and upper trunk muscle tibial power (minimum relative retardation capacity) were compared to that of trampoline elite male athletes are related and other factors of physical fitness do not have a significant relationship with the performance level of these athletes.These findings suggest that higher aerobic power and higher bleeding power and strength in the upper trunk with higher levels of performance in the trampoline line are associated.However, the trampoline field is considered as an anaerobic field due to the nature of the motion and the duration of its routines, but nevertheless, the importance of aerobic power as a feature of the vastly large volume of infrastructure Athletes' workout and the impact of cardio-pulmonary and circulatory systems in the recycling process can be considered.
Similar findings have also been reported on the importance of aerobic power in the field of gymnastics.For example, Douda et al. (2008) reported a relationship between the aerobic power and the performance of artistic gymnasts (r = 0. 49), which is expected to be comparable with the trampoline's motion (less time to run).There is a weaker relation between aerobic power and performance in this field than in the field of gymnastics.The findings of this study also indicate the existence of such a relationship (r = 0.351).
On the other hand, the meaningful relationship between shoulder muscle strength and the high muscle strength of the upper trunk with the level of function emphasizes the importance of the role of the upper muscles of the trunk in creating the momentum needed to run the skills of the trampoline, because the skill those with a higher degree of difficulty in this field require the forward and backward rotation, which requires high muscular strength and muscle strength in the upper trunk.
Although the existence of such meaningful relationships, in part, determines the factors involved in the exercise performance in the trampoline field, the predictive power of these variables should be confirmed on the basis of regression analysis.
In this regard, the results of regression analysis of the level of competitive performance based on the selected factors of physical fitness (muscle strength of shoulder belt, aerobic power and minimum relative power of biosynthesis) showed that these factors cannot predict the level of performance and only 9.6% of the performance of elite male trampolines is related to these variables.Douda et al. (2008) reported that the contribution of the flexibility factor to gymnastics performance was 12.1%, explosive power 9.2%, aerobic power 4.7%, and fuel metabolism 4.6%, which was does not match the trampoline.The reason for the inconsistency may be related to the difference in the nature of the two competitive disciplines and the gender difference and the competitive level of the samples.In general, according to the findings of the present study about the factors of physical fitness, only the factors of aerobic capacity, strength and power of the muscles of the upper trunk were related to the performance of elite male tricolor.
Findings of the study on the composition of the body of elite male trampolines showed that none of the body composition indices was significant with the performance of these athletes.Considering that in many studies, especially in the field of gymnastics (for example, Irratha Amigo et al., 2009;Di Kagno et al., 2009;New Age, 2011), there are significant correlations between body composition and exercise performance indices, therefore it seems that the lack of correlation between these variables is related to the characteristics of the samples studied in this study.
For example, most of the research samples are a combination of athletes with different levels of stress and, consequently, a different body composition that this strategy facilitates in sampling the ability to discover relationships between body composition indices and athletic performance.But in the present study, the sample was all from the athletes present in the Trampoline team, which, in terms of body composition, were more homogeneous than those of other studies.Gomez-Landro et al. (2010) found that Spanish elite female gymnasts over 15 years old had 13.37% fat and mesomorph-endomorph body mass, but under the age of 15 years had body mass of 11.18% and a balanced physical type.However, in the present study, the percentages of fatty male elite male trampolines for the age group under 15 years old and over 15 years old were 12.13 ± 4.20 and 11.02 ± 4.18, respectively, do not match with findings of Gomez-Landro et al. (2010) about the elite Spanish female trampolines the discrepancy between these two studies can be attributed largely to the gender and developmental differences between men and women, because with the increase in age, women share a larger proportion of fat mass (Heywood, 2006)..In the studies in gymnastics, body composition indices were important determinants of athletic performance.For example, Nowzuhuri (2011) found that elderly male gymnasts had lower fat percentages with higher weight and higher body mass index (high muscle and low fat) with higher competitive performance.Similar findings were found in other studies in the field of gymnastics by Faria and Faria (1989), Grantham (2000), Dashti (2016), Giorpopoulos et al. (2004) , Taherkhani (2006), Rodriguez and Bral De La Rosa (2006), Irrata Amigo et al. (2009), and Di Cagno et al. (2008).
However, Gomez-Landro et al. (2010), by comparing their findings with gymnasts reference data, emphasized that trampolines' athletes had a different type of artistic gymnasts, such that trompulsins in the body type has a lower ectomorphic component.Accordingly, matching performance predictors in the field of trampolines and gymnastics may be questionable.However, due to the limited information available in the trampoline field, definite comments on the pattern of association between body composition indices and the performance of elite trampolines are difficult, but according to the findings of the present study, we can conclude there is no relation between the body composition and the performance of male trampolines.
3. Anthropometric meter for Quick Medical®marker ANTTAPS US for measuring distance and lengths in different tests 4. Body composition analysis device with Zeus +9.9 + Swiss model for determining the body composition of subjects 5. Standard trunk flexural test for measuring the flexural strength of the front trunk 6. Refereeing Board and Rules of Arbitration of Gymnastics Federation to measure the performance of the subjects.7. Horizontal stretching test for measuring muscle strength of shoulder belt in subjects 8. Abdominal examination on the Swedish ladder to measure the abdominal strength of the subjects 9. Specific test of angle maintenance on the parallel to measure the muscular endurance of the subjects 10.Standard shoulder flexion (extension and flexion) tests for assessing the joint flexion of the subjects 11.Standard trunk flexural test for measuring the flexural strength of the front trunk 12.Standard trunk flexural test for measuring trunk flexion to the back of the subjects 13.Monarch Aerobic test on Treadmill with TechnoGym® Brand made in Italy to Test Aerobic Exercise 10.Vertical jump and jump tests to test the subjects' explosive power 11.Monarock's Tissue Test on a TechnoGym® Marker Bike made in Italy to measure the muscle strength of the upper body of the subjects 12. Argus test for 15 seconds to measure the muscle strength of the lower body of the subjects.13.Zigzag test for 30 seconds to test the agility of the subjects 14.Test of the time of the photo-observation operation 8 directions for measuring the time of the photo-observation of the subjects 15.Test of the 8-way star movement for measuring the dynamic balance of the subjects 16.Arbitration Board and Arbitration Rules of Gymnastics Federation to assess the performance of the subjects body water percentage, protein percentage, soluble mineral content, body fat percentage, right fat percentage, Percentage of fat in right hand, percentage of fat in right leg, left fat percentage, left fat percentage, fat percentage of left foot, trunk fat percentage, difference between left and right fat mass, body mass percentage, percentage of right muscle, right hand muscle, percentage of right muscle, percentage of left muscle, percentage of left leg muscle, trunk

Table 2 .
Descriptive statistics of physical fitness factors

Table 3 .
Results of Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between physical fitness factors and competitive performance * 0.05

Table 4 .
Results of regression model of competitive performance level of elite male trampolines